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INSURANCE AGAINST MISTAKEN CRIMINATION

July 7th, 2006

When I speak about some specific policies that will satisfy all the requirements I mean also insurance against mistaken crimination. It means that I will get insurance compensation if you have to bear losses because of mistaken crimination and a jury trial. If you decide to buy such an policy, you should have at least some basic knowledge about such things as «the opening statements», «the presentation of evidence» and other stages of any jury trial.

So, arrest is the act of taking suspects into the custody and depriving the person of liberty. People may be arrested after they are accused of murder, theft, or other criminal offences. For some crimes, and under certain conditions, a police officer must obtain a court order called a warrant before making an arrest. But an officer does not need a warrant to arrest a person in the act of committing a crime. Until the person charged is tried in a court, and the crime or offence is proved to have happened, it is an alleged offence. Usually only those people who are accused of such serious crimes as murder are forced to stay in jail until they are brought to trial. Other people are allowed to go free until trial if they can provide a sum of money called bail. This money is a pledge to appear for trial.

Trial is a method of settling disputes verbally in a court of law. In most cases, the people on each side of the dispute use a lawyer to represent their views, present evidence, and question witnesses.

A jury trial begins with the selection of the jurors. That’s the first step of the trial.

The next step of the trial is “The opening statements”. The lawyers for each side will discuss their views of the case that you are to hear and will also present a general picture of what they intend to prove about the case. What the lawyers say in their opening statements is not evidence and, therefore, does not help prove their cases.

The third step is “The presentation of evidence”. All parties are entitled to present evidence. Many things you will see and hear during the trial are not evidence. For example, what the lawyers say in their opening and closing statements is not evidence. Physical exhibits offered by the lawyers, but not admitted by the judge, are also to be disregarded. Many times during the trial the lawyers may make objections to evidence presented by the other side or to questions asked by the other lawyer. Lawyers are allowed to object to these things when they consider them improper under the laws of evidence. It is up to the judge to decide whether each objection was valid or invalid. If the objection was valid, the judge will sustain the objection. It is your duty as a juror to decide the importance of evidence or testimony allowed by the judge.

The fourth step is called “The Instructions”. Following presentation of all the evidence, the judge instructs the jury on the laws that are to guide in their verdict. A copy of the instructions will be sent to the jury room for the use of jurors during their deliberations. All documents or physical objects that have been received into evidence will also be sent to the jury room.

Then the next step – “Closing arguments” – begins. The lawyers in the closing arguments summarize the case from their point of view. They may discuss the evidence that has been presented or comment on the credibility of witnesses. The lawyers may also discuss any of the judge’s instructions that they feel are of special importance to their case. These arguments are not evidence.

 

<:3 )~~~~~~

Yours sincerely,

AlexSandra

PROPERTY INSURANCE AGAINST CRIME (part 2)

July 6th, 2006

For statistical purposes, many governments divide crimes into offenses against people, against property, against public order or public morality. Crimes against people (or private wrong) include assault, kidnapping, murder, and sexual attacks. Such crimes usually bring severe punishment. Crimes against property include arson, motor vehicle theft, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, fraud, larceny and vandalism (usually the list of such crimes is used by your underwriters while drawing up your policy of insurance). In most cases, these crimes bring lighter penalties, than do crimes against people. Crimes against public order or morality include disorderly conduct, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and vagrancy. These offences generally involve lighter penalties than do crimes against people or property.
There are three criminal activities that are directed against the existence of the state itself: treason, sedition and rebellion. Treason is the crime of betraying a nation by acts considered dangerous to its security. Sedition refers generally to the offense of organizing or encouraging opposition to the government, especially in speeches or writing. In wartime seditious acts may often be classified as treason. Rebellion is an attempt to overthrow the government. it is reasonable that such crimes you will not find in insurance policy. :)
Some activities, such as gambling or prostitution, are often called victimless crimes because both the buyer and the seller take part in them willingly – this fact doesn’t sound insurance too, but I think that it’s a good conclusion. :)
Also I’d like to tell you about an interesting term “white-collar crime”. It refers to violations of law by persons who use their jobs to engage in illegal activities. The term covers such acts as cheating in the payment of taxes, embezzlement, and fraud. It may apply to petty thefts by employees, as well as to million-dollar stock market swindles.
Computer crime is a way to commit crime, not a type of crime. Computer crimes are difficult to detect but easy to accomplish. A lot of companies use such a «novelty» in services of insurance enterprises to  insure themselves against hacking.
Organized crime is one of the largest business enterprises in the advanced industrial societies. Gambling, drug trafficking, loan sharking, prostitution, racketeering have long been controlled by various organized crime factions.
Sometimes different crimes, such as robbery, can be foiled. In this case the robbers do not get what they came for, and they may flee empty-handed: they get away, but with no loot.
It is generally agreed that the essential elements of crime are voluntary actions or failure to act and a certain state of mind. Failing to act includes not doing something an individual is required to do by law, such as get a driver’s license before driving an automobile. The mental element in a crime is that the person committing it usually acts purposely, knowingly, or negligently.
In order to prevent crimes many criminologists stress the need for improving the performance of criminal justice agencies. One more way to reduce crime is to reform habitual criminals. There are many other ways to reduce crime. People can be educated or persuaded to take greater precautions against crime. They can be taught, for example, how to protect their homes from burglary. Better lighting and strict gun-licensing laws would greatly reduce crime, but the most effective method to secure yourself against crime is insurance! :)

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